Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

Corporations also include a statement of stockholders’ equity along with its other financial statements. A common format of the statement of stockholders’ equity is shown here:

To see a more comprehensive example, we suggest an Internet search for publicly-traded corporation’s Form 10-K.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share is not part of stockholders’ equity. Nonetheless, we are including an introduction to the topic here because the calculation for earnings per share involves the stock of a corporation.

Earnings per share must appear on the face of the income statement if the corporation’s stock is publicly traded. The earnings per share calculation is the after-tax net income (earnings) available for the common stockholders divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during that period.

Earnings Available for Common Stock

Let’s assume that a corporation has the following stockholders’ equity at December 31:

Additional information:

1. The corporation’s accounting year is the calendar year.
2. The corporation’s net income after income tax is $10,000.
3. The number of shares of common stock outstanding was 600 shares for the first four months of the year. On May 1, the corporation issued an additional 900 shares. On October 1, an additional 500 shares were issued.
4. The shares of preferred stock were outstanding for the entire year.

The earnings (net income after income tax) available for the common stockholders is:

*The preferred dividend requirement is the annual dividend of $9 per share (9% times $100 par value) times the 300 shares of preferred stock outstanding.

Weighted-Average Number of Shares of Common Stock

Since the earnings occurred throughout the year, we need to divide the amount by the number of shares that were outstanding during that time. During the first four months only 600 shares were outstanding, during the next five months 1,500 shares were outstanding, and for the final three months of the year 2,000 shares of common stock were outstanding. This situation requires that we come up with the weighted-average number of shares of common stock for the year as calculated here:

As the calculation shows, the weighted-average number of shares of common stock for the year was 1,325.

Earnings per Share of Common Stock

After deducting the preferred stockholders’ required dividend, there was $7,300 ($10,000 minus $2,700) of earnings available for the common stockholders. The $7,300 was earned throughout the year, so we need to divide that amount by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the same period:

The earnings per share (EPS) of common stock = earnings available for common stock divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:

Other

Stock Issued for Other Than Cash

If a corporation has a limited amount of cash, but needs an asset or some services, the corporation might issue some new shares of stock in exchange for the items. When shares of stock are issued for noncash items, the items and the stock must be recorded on the books at the fair market value at the time of the exchange. Since both the stock given up and the asset or services received may have market values, accountants record the fair market value of the one that is more clearly determinable (more objective and verifiable).

For instance, if a corporation exchanges 1,000 of its publicly-traded shares of common stock for 40 acres of land, the fair market value of the stock is likely to be more clear and objective. (The stock might trade daily while similar parcels of land in the area may sell once every few years.) In other situations, the common stock might rarely trade while the value of a service received is well-established.

To illustrate, let’s assume that 1,000 shares of common stock are exchanged for a parcel of land. The stock is publicly traded and recent trades have been at $35 per share. The par value is $0.50 per share. The land’s fair market value is not as clear since there has not been a comparable sale during the past four years.

The entry made to record the exchange will record the land at the fair market value of the common stock, since the stock’s fair market value is more clear and objective than someone’s estimate of the current value of the land: